中考连词、并列句和状语从句的用法
连词的用法
⒈连词的定义
用来连接词与词、短语与短语以及句子与句子的虚词就是连词。连词一般有词义(注：that引导名词性从句时除外)，不充当任何句子成分，主要起连接作用。
eg:①Tom and Mary are good students.汤姆和玛丽是好学生。
②The weather here is neither too cold nor too hot.这里的天气既不太冷也不太热。
③The car is very old but it runs very fast.这辆汽车虽然很旧，但跑得很快。
④You will pass the exam if you work hard.如果你努力学习，你会通过考试的。
⑤My family always go somewhere interesting as soon as the holiday begins.假期一开始，我们一家人总是去好玩的地方。
2.连词的分类
⑴根据连词的形式，连词可分为简单连词(单个词)、关联连词(两个以上的词(组)一起构成，分为两个部分对称使用)和短语连词(两个以上的词一起构成)。
eg:①The winter in Beijing is very cold while that in Kunming is warm.北京的冬天很冷，然而昆明的冬天却很暖和。(简单连词)
②She is not only kind but also honest.她不仅和蔼而且诚实。(关联连词)
③The teacher explained very clearly,so that we all understood.老师解释得非常清楚，我们都听懂了。(短语连词)
⑵根据连词在句子中所起的作用，连词可分为并列连词和从属连词。并列连词是指用以连接并列的单词、短语、从句或句子的连词，如：and,but,so,for,or,both...and...,not only...but also...等。从属连词是指用以引导从句的连词，如：when,while,as,after,before,as soon as,until,if,because,although,though,than等。
eg:①My parents are expecting me,so I must be off now.父母在等我，所以我得走了。
②You can use my car as long as you return it before Friday.只要你周五之前回来，你就可以用我的车。
注：从属连词可引导状语从句和名词性从句(that,whether/if等)
- 连词的特点
一般情况下，连词不充当任何句子成分。除名词性从句中的that之外，其余连词都有词义。
- 连词一般包括以下关系：(并列或从属)
⑴表联合、递进或顺承关系的并列连词：and“和”；“加”；“接着”；“而且”；“又”；“那么”,both...and...“两者都”“既……又……”；“不但……而且……”,not only/just...but (also)...“不仅……而且……”,as well as“既……又……”；“不仅……而且……”等。
eg:①Both my father and I are busy painting the sitting room today.我和我父亲今天都在忙于粉刷客厅。
②He likes basketball as well as football.他喜欢篮球运动，也喜欢足球运动。
⑵表转折关系的并列连词：but“但是”“不过，另一方面，但与此同时，(诚然)……但”(表示转折，语气较强。)；while“而”表示鲜
明对比。往往连接内容和结构对称的句子，一般位于句中；yet“然而，但是”(表示含惊讶之意的转折)。
eg:①John likes playing basketball,but he didn’t play it yesterday.约翰喜欢打篮球，但他昨天没打。
②Some men are rich while others are poor.一些人富有，然而一些人贫穷。
⑶表选择关系的并列连词：or“或；或者；还是(肯定句)”“也不(否定句=and no)”,either…or“或者……或者……”；“要么……要么……”,neither...nor...“既不……也不……”；“既非……又非……”,not…but…“不是……而是……”,otherwise(=or(else))“否则，要不然”。
eg:①Would you like to leave or would you like to stay?你是想走呢还是想留下？
②Mr.Smith is not a lawyer but a doctor.史密斯先生不是律师而是医生。
③Either you come to my place,or I go to yours.要么你来我这儿，要么我去你那儿。
④Neither has he called on her,nor will he do so.他没有拜访过她，他也不愿意这么做。
⑤Write her address down,otherwise you’ll forget it.把她的地址记下来，不然你会忘记的。
⑷表因果关系的并列连词：so“因此”,for“因为”。
eg:①It was too late,so we went home.时间太晚了，因此我想去家里了。
②He must be a good student,for he is always careful with his lessons.他肯定是一位好学生，因为他学习一直很认真。
⑸表示时间关系的并列连词：when“这时”(=and then)(表示一个动作发生时，另一个动作接着发生。固定搭配为：be doing“正在做……”/had(just)done“刚做……”/be about to do(=be on the point of doing)“正要做……”…when“这时”)
eg:I was about to go to bed when my mother knocked at the door.
注：yet和still是半并列接词。但语气不如and,but,or等连词强。另外，它们前面还可加and或but。
eg:①I got up very early,(and)yet I failed to catch the first bus.
②He is tired,(but)still he will make another experiment.
六．表时间关系的从属连词：when/while/as“当……的时候”,as“随着；一边……，一边……”,before“在……之前”；“还没来得及……
就……”；“还没有”；“尚未”；“趁着……没有”“……就”“……才”,once“一旦”；“一……就”,after“在……
之后”,since“自从……以来”,until/till“直到”,every time“每一次”,the moment/as soon as,the first/second...time
从句,no sooner+过去完成时倒装+than(=hardly+过去完成时倒装+when/before)“一……就……”等
七．表地点关系的从属连词：where“在……地方”,wherever(=everywhere)“在/到任何……的地方”
八．表条件关系的从属连词：if/unless“如果(不)”,as/so long as“只要”in case“假使”
九．表目的关系的从属连词：in order that/ so that“以便；为了”,for fear that“惟恐，生怕”,in case“以防”
十．表原因关系的从属连词：because,since(=now that),as“因为”,considering that“考虑到”,that“因为，由于”
十一．表结果关系的从属连词：that“以至于”,so that“结果……”,so...that,such...that“如此……以致于……”
- 表让步的从属连词：although/though/while/as“尽管”,even though/even if“即使”,疑问词+ever“无论”,no matter…“无论……”
,whether…or…“不管/无论……还是……”等
- 表方式的从属连词：as if/as though“好像”,as“像，如”,just as“正如，正像”,如”,as far as“就……”
- 表比较关系的从属连词：as...as“和……一样”,not so(as)...as“不像……那样”,than“比”,The+比较句...,the+比较句...“越……，
越……”
4.连词的连用
if不可与and连用；because不与so连用；although/though/while/as(尽管)不与but,however等连用，但可与yet,still连用。
eg:①Because her parents died,she had to make a living by herself.
②Though she is very intelligent,she is nevertheless rather modest.她很聪明，倒也很谦虚。
并列句的用法
一．表联合、递进或顺承关系的并列连词：and“和”；“加”；“接着”；“那么”；“而且”；“又”,not only/just...but (also)...“不仅……而且……”等。常考结构为：祈使句+and/or+句子。或名词短语+and+句子。
eg:①Arrive early,and you'll catch the first bus.
②Another ten minutes,and I'll finish my homework.
二．表转折关系的并列连词：but“但是”；“不过，另一方面，但与此同时，(诚然)……但”(表示转折，语气较强。)；while“而”(表示对比两件事物或相反的情况，常用来连接两个意义对立的分句。)；yet“然而，但是”(表示含惊讶之意的转折)；whereas“但是，却”(用于说某事不适用于所有情况)。
注：but,while,however的区别
⒈but conj.表示语意转折，语气较强，在意义上与前述情况相反或表示与所预料的不一样。一般位于句中。
eg:①We had thought it difficult,but we worked it out at last.
②It is hot in summer,but it is not cold in winter.这里夏天热，但冬天不冷。
③The watch was cheap,but it goes quite well. 这块表虽然便宜，但走得很好。
⒉while conj.表示鲜明对比。往往连接内容和结构对称的句子，一般位于句中。
eg:Jane was dressed in brown while Mary was dressed in blue.
⒊however adv.其后要有逗号隔开。可位于句首、句末或句中。
eg:①He said that it was so.he was mistaken,however.他说情况是这样。然而，他错了。
②You can phone the doctor if you like.However,I very much doubt whether you will get him to come out on a Saturday night. 如果你愿意你可以给医生打电话。但是，我非常怀疑你是否能在星期六把他请出来。
③On the question of style,however,I will make no concession.但是，关于风格问题，我绝不会让步。
三．表选择关系的并列连词：otherwise=or( else)“否则；要不然”,either…or“或者……或者……”；“那么……那么……”,neither...nor...“既不……也不……”；“既非……又非……”,not...but...“不是……，而是……”。
eg: Either we live in the truth,or we live in lies.
四．表因果关系的并列连词：so“因此”,for“因为”。
eg:The leaves of the trees are falling,for it’s already autumn.
五．表时间关系的并列连词：when“这时”(=and then)(表示一个动作发生时，另一个动作接着发生。固定搭配为：be doing“正在做……”/had(just)done“刚做……”/be about to do(=be on the point of doing)“正要做……”…when“这时”)
eg:He was still smiling when the door opened and his wife came in.
状语从句的用法
- 定义
状语由一个句子来充当，那么这个句子就叫作状语从句。状语从句主要为主句提供一种状况。
eg:Though I am tired,I still work hard.=I still work hard,though I am tired.尽管我累了，但是我仍然努力学习。(其中，划线部分为状语从句)
二．结构
主句+引导词+从句.或引导词+从句,主句.
eg:You are sure to pass the exam if you work hard.=If you work hard,you are sure to pass the exam.如果你努力学习的话，你一定会通过考试。
三．分类
状语从句可分为时间状语从句、地点状语从句、条件状语从句、目的状语从句、原因状语从句、结果状语从句、让步状语从句、方式状语从句、比较状语从句。
四．特点
状语从句都有引导词，它为主句提供一种状况。引导词一般都不充当任何句子成分。
注：
引导状语从句的连词表
| 状语从句 | 从属连词(作引导词) |
| 时间状语从句 | when/while/as“当……的时候”,as“随着；一边……，一边……”,before“在……之前”“还没来得及……就……”；“还没有”；“尚未”；“趁着……没有”“……就”“……才”,once“一旦”；“一……就”,after“在……之后”,since“自从……以来”,until/til“直到”l,every time“每一次”,the moment/as soon as,the first/second...time从句,no sooner+过去完成时倒装+than(=hardly+过去完成时倒装+when/before)“一……就……”等 |
| 地点状语从句 | where“在……地方”,wherever(=everywhere)“在/到任何……的地方” |
| 条件状语从句 | if/unless“如果(不)”,as/so long as“只要”in case“假使” |
| 目的状语从句 | in order that/ so that“以便；为了”,for fear that“惟恐，生怕”,in case“以防” |
| 原因状语从句 | because,since(=now that),as,considering that“考虑到”,that“因为，由于” |
| 结果状语从句 | that“以至于”,so that“结果……”,so...that,such...that“如此……以致于……” |
| 让步状语从句 | although/though/while/as“尽管”,even though/even if“即使”,疑问词+ever“无论”,no matter…“无论……”, |
| 方式状语从句 | as if/as though“好像”,as“像；如”,just as“正如，正像”,as,as far as“就……” |
| 比较状语从句 | as...as“和……一样”,not so(as)...as“不像……那样”,than“比”,The+比较句...,the+比较句...“越……，越……” |
六．用法
㈠时间状语从句
⑴when,while,as“当……的时候”的区别
①when从句可引导一个延续性动作，也可引导一个短暂性动作。既可与主句动作同时发生，又可先后发生。
②while从句只能引导一个延续性动作。表示主句动作发生在while从句所表达的时间段之内。侧重主句动作和从句动作相对比。
③as用法同when相似，但更侧重主从句动作发生的同时性。
注1：当when引导的时间状语从句为系表结构，其主语与主句主语一致，且表语为名词时，可用as引导的省略句来代替when引导的从句。
注2：如果主句表示的是短暂的动作，从句用延续性动词的进行时态表示在一段时间内正在进行的动作，此时when, while和as可以互换使用。
注3：as有“随着；一边……，一边……”的意思，表示动作交替进行，侧重于主、从句动作在同一时间点或同一时间段进行。
注4：
①作并列连词，when有“这时”的意思(=and then)。表示一个动作发生时，另一个动作接着发生。固定搭配为：be doing/had(just)done/be about to(=be on the point of doing)…when“这时”。
②作并列连词，while有“然而，可是”的意思，表示对比。
eg:①When/While/As we were dancing, a stranger came in.
②I fell asleep when/as/while he was reading the newspaper.
③When he had finished his homework, he took a short rest.
④When/As he arrived in Shanghai, she met him at the station.
⑤As years go by, our country is becoming stronger and stronger.
⑥When he was a child(=As a child),he studied very well.
⑦Please don’t talk so loud while others are working.
⑧I was about to go to bed when he knocked at the door.
⑨I drink black coffee while he prefers it with cream.
⑵before的用法
before原意为“在……之前”，另外它还有以下的意思。
①“还没来得及……就……”；“还没有”；“尚未”；“趁着……没有”
eg:①He died before he wrote a will.
②My father died before I was born.
③Please write it down before you forget it.
②“……就”(强调时间、距离很短；花费的精力小；过程顺利)
eg:①I hadn’t waited long before he came.
②I hadn’t gone far before I felt tired.
③“……才”(强调时间、距离很长；花费的精力大；过程曲折)
eg:①It will be five years before we meet again.
②We waited long before the bus arrived.
注：句型：It will be+一段时间+before…“过多久就……”或“还要多久才……”
eg:①It won’t be long before we meet again.过不了多长时间我们就会再见面了。
②It will be half a year before I come back.半年后我才能回来。
⑶till/until的用法
一般情况下，till/until可以通用。但在强调句型中或not until位于句首时(应用半倒装)，此时只可用until。
till/until用于肯定句时，主句须和延续性动词或重/反复性动词连用，意为“直到……为止”。 till/until用于否定句时，主句须和短暂性动词连用，意为“不到……不；直到……才”。
eg:①He didn’t go to bed until/till his parents came back last night.
②We waited until/till Tom arrived here yesterday.
③Until you told me I had no idea of it.直到你告诉我，我才知道此事。
④Not until you told me did I have any idea of it. 直到你告诉我，我才知道此事。
⑤It was not until you told me that I had any idea of it. 就是直到你告诉我，我才知道此事。
⑥She received 15 rejections until/till the Medical College of Zhengzhou University finally accepted her.直到郑大医学院最终录取她，她收到了15所医学院的回绝信。
⑷as soon as,once引导时间状语从句的区别
as soon as强调时间的紧接性，意为“一……就”。
once带有条件意味，意为“一旦”。
eg:①I'll tell you as soon as he comes back.
②Once you start,you will never give up.
㈡地点状语从句
地点状语从句常由where,wherever引导。
eg:They were warmly welcomed wherever they went.
㈢条件状语从句
注意unless(=if...not)“除非”；“如果不”的用法，它符合“主将从现”原则。
eg:We won’t have a picnic unless it’s sunny tomorrow.如果明天天气不放晴，我们将不去野餐。
㈣目的状语从句
so that既可引导目的状语从句(有情无逗)意为“以便，为了”；也可引导结果状语从句(无情有逗)意为“结果……”。
eg:①I’ll speak slowly so that you can understand me.
②He raised his voice,so that everyone heard him.
㈤原因状语从句
because,since,as,for的区别
⑴because,as,since为从属原因连词，而for为并列原因连词。
⑵because“因为”，语气最强，多用于直接的、听者未知的原因，常常位于句尾，成为信息的焦点。既能回答why的提问，也能用于强调句型中，还可用于搭配not...but...或与强调词just,only,merely及否定词not连用；一般位于主句之后，只有在表示强调时才位于主句之前。
eg:①—Why didn’t you phone me last night?昨天晚上你为什么没有给我打电话？
—Because I didn’t want to disturb you.因为我不想打扰你。
②I didn’t want it because it’s too big.我不要它，因为它太大了。
③I did it because he told me to do it.我做这件事因为是他吩咐的。
④It was because I missed the early bus that I was late for school.我上学迟到是因为我没有赶上早班汽车。
⑤You shouldn’t get angry just because some people speak ill of you.你不要只是因为有人说你坏话而生气。
⑥If you feel cold,that’s because you didn’t put on your overcoat,如果你感到冷的话，那是因为你没有穿上外套。
⑦Because she was ill,she didn’t come to school.因为她病了，所以她没来上学。
⑧I study English not because I want to pass the exam,but because I like English.我学习英语，不是因为我想考试过关，而是因为我喜欢英语。
⑶as“由于”，语气较弱，表示明显的、已知的事实。主从句所表达的内容同等重要，二者之间存在有因果关系。有时as含有“既然”的意思(=since)。
eg:①As he’s a qualified doctor,I trust his advice on medical matters.由于他是一位合格的医生，所以我信任他在医疗事情上的建议。
②As I had a cold,I didn’t attend the meeting.由于我感冒了，我没去参加会议。
③As we had no money,we couldn’t buy anything to eat.由于我们没有钱，我们不可能买任何吃的东西。
③We all like her as she is kind.我们都喜欢她，因为她善良。
④As/Since you’re not feeling well,you may stay at home.既然你感觉不舒服，你可以呆在家里。
⑷since(=now that)“既然”，主要用于口语，语气较弱，表示微弱的原因，或是就对方陈述的事实作为理由。主从句因果关系不明显。常位于句首。
eg:①Since we have come,let’s stay and enjoy it.既来之，则安之。
②Since everybody knows about it,I don’t want to talk any more.既然大家都了解了这个事，我就不想再说什么了。
③Since you don’t want to go,we won’t force you to.既然你不想去，我们就不勉强你了。
④Since you insist,I must go.既然你坚持，我必须去。
⑸for“因为”，语气最弱，表示对某一事实进行推断的或附加说明的理由，是对已发生情况的补充说明。一般不位于句首。
eg:①He can’t have gone,for the light is still on.他不可能走了，因为灯还在亮着呢。
②It must have rained last night,for the ground is wet.昨晚准是下过雨，因为地面是湿的。
③He must be ill,for he is absent today.他一定病了，因为他今天缺席了。
㈥结果状语从句
so……that与such……that“如此……以致于……”的区别
⑴二者都可引导结果状语从句。
⑵so为adv，such为adj。
⑶二者结构分别为：
so+adj/adv原级+that ×××××××××××
so+adj+a/an+n(可单)+that such+a/an+adj+n(可单)+that
so+many/few+ns(可复)+that such+adj+ns(可复) +that
so+much/little(少的)+n(不可数)+that such+adj+n(不可数)+that
（注：只修饰形容词、副词原级时，只可用so。
修饰单数名词时，二者可以互换。(即：so+adj+a/an+n(可单)+that =such+a/an+adj+n(可单)+that)
修饰复数和不可数名词时，多多少少用so,不多不少用such.）
eg:He was so careless that he forgot to write his name on the paper.
㈦让步状语从句
⑴though/as意为“尽管”时的用法。
(最高级前无冠词)adj/adv+as/though+主+系v/谓语v+其它，
(前无冠词)n+as/though+主+系v/谓语v+其它，
V原形(短语)+as/though+主+助v/情态v+其它，
eg:①Angry as/though he was,he managed to speak calmly.
②Child as/though he is,he knows a lot.
③Change your mind as/though you will,you will gain no additional support.
⑵while引导的让步状语从句通常位于主句之前。
eg:While I always felt I would pass the exam,I never thought I would get an A.
㈧方式状语从句
方式状语从句应放在主句之后。常用as if/as though/just as/as/as far as引导。
eg:①Do as you are told to,or you’ll be fired.
②The old lady treats the boy as he were he own son.
③I feel as if I have a fever.
㈨比较状语从句
注：what/as/be like也可引导对称或对比关系的状语从句。
句型为：A is to B what/as/be like C is to D.“A对于B而言正如C对于D那样。”
eg:Food is to men what/as/is like oil is to machines.
㈩whatever,whichever,whichever+n(s),whoever,however,whenever,wherever引导让步状语从句的情况。
whatever=no matter what(引导让步状语从句)或whatever=anything that(引导名词性从句)
whoever=no matter who(引导让步状语从句)或whoever=anybody who(引导名词性从句)
whichever=no matter which(引导让步状语从句)或any which(引导名词性从句)
whichever+n(s)=no matter which+n(s)(引导让步状语从句)或any+n(s) which(引导名词性从句)
however=no matter how(引导让步状语从句)
whenever=no matter when(引导让步状语从句)
wherever=no matter where(引导让步状语从句)
(十一)有些可以作副词的连词：though,in case,(ever) since等。
eg:①He is young.He knows a lot,though.=Though he is young,he knows a lot.
②I don’t think it will rain,but I’ll take an umbrella,just in case.= I’ll take an umbrella just in case it should rain.
③He came here in 2000.He has been working here ever since.= He has been working here ever since he came here in 2000.
(十二)在主将从现原则中，从句可用一般现在时或现在完成时表示将来。(注：主将从现原则具体内容：在时间或条件状语从句中，如果主句为将来时或表示将来时含义的句子(如：祈使句、情态句等)，那么从句常用一般现在时或现在完成时表示将来。)
eg:We will have a picnic if it is fine tomorrow.